Country Foundations

Egypt

Constitution in force since 2014, 20,428 words. Rights measured for 2023.

Declared
89%
mean across compared rights
Practiced
41%
mean across compared rights
Gap
−48%
delivers less than promised
Executive respects constitution
63%
V-Dem, measured directly

The rights ledger

Each row compares what the constitution declares against what is measured in practice. The two values are always shown together — a gap on its own is easy to misread.

Declared in the constitutionPracticed (measured)Falls short / exceeds
0255075100Right to life — declared 50%, practiced 38%, gap −12%Right to life50%38%−12%Freedom from torture — declared 100%, practiced 25%, gap −75%Freedom from torture100%25%−75%Freedom from slavery and forced labour — declared 50%, practiced 63%, gap +13%Freedom from slavery and forced labour50%63%+13%Freedom from arbitrary detention (habeas corpus) — declared 100%, practiced 60%, gap −40%Freedom from arbitrary detention (ha…100%60%−40%Right to a fair and public trial — declared 67%, practiced 46%, gap −21%Right to a fair and public trial67%46%−21%Presumption of innocence — declared 100%, practiced — (no comparable practice measure)Presumption of innocenceno practice measure100%——Right to legal counsel — declared 100%, practiced — (no comparable practice measure)Right to legal counselno practice measure100%——Protection from self-incrimination — declared 100%, practiced — (no comparable practice measure)Protection from self-incriminationno practice measure100%——Protection from double jeopardy — declared 0%, practiced — (no comparable practice measure)Protection from double jeopardyno practice measure0%——Due process of law — declared 100%, practiced 29%, gap −71%Due process of law100%29%−71%Trial by jury or lay participation — declared 0%, practiced — (no comparable practice measure)Trial by jury or lay participationno practice measure0%——Freedom of expression — declared 100%, practiced 23%, gap −77%Freedom of expression100%23%−77%Freedom of the press — declared 100%, practiced 25%, gap −75%Freedom of the press100%25%−75%Freedom of thought and conscience — declared 100%, practiced 28%, gap −72%Freedom of thought and conscience100%28%−72%Freedom of religion — declared 50%, practiced 42%, gap −8%Freedom of religion50%42%−8%Separation of religion and state — declared 0%, practiced — (no comparable practice measure)Separation of religion and stateno practice measure0%——Academic freedom — declared 100%, practiced 22%, gap −78%Academic freedom100%22%−78%Freedom of assembly — declared 100%, practiced 33%, gap −67%Freedom of assembly100%33%−67%Freedom of association — declared 100%, practiced 38%, gap −62%Freedom of association100%38%−62%Right to petition government — declared 100%, practiced — (no comparable practice measure)Right to petition governmentno practice measure100%——Right to form and join trade unions — declared 88%, practiced 25%, gap −63%Right to form and join trade unions88%25%−63%Right to vote and universal suffrage — declared 50%, practiced 62%, gap +12%Right to vote and universal suffrage50%62%+12%Right to privacy — declared 100%, practiced 35%, gap −65%Right to privacy100%35%−65%Freedom of movement — declared 100%, practiced 70%, gap −30%Freedom of movement100%70%−30%Right to asylum — declared 100%, practiced — (no comparable practice measure)Right to asylumno practice measure100%——Right to own property — declared 100%, practiced 73%, gap −27%Right to own property100%73%−27%Equality before the law — declared 100%, practiced 52%, gap −48%Equality before the law100%52%−48%Right to education — declared 100%, practiced 27%, gap −73%Right to education100%27%−73%Right to health care — declared 100%, practiced 35%, gap −65%Right to health care100%35%−65%Right to shelter or housing — declared 100%, practiced 27%, gap −73%Right to shelter or housing100%27%−73%Independent judiciary — declared 100%, practiced 63%, gap −37%Independent judiciary100%63%−37%Right to bear arms — declared 0%, practiced — (no comparable practice measure)Right to bear armsno practice measure0%——decl.prac.gap

· marks a right with no provision in that country’s constitution. Scores run 0–100; practiced values are V-Dem indicators normalized across all country-years.

Promise and practice over time

The declared line steps when the constitution changes. The practiced line moves when behaviour does. The distance between those two moments is the part worth looking at.

Declared (the text)Practiced (measured)The text changed
0501001953: constitutional text changed (−34 pts declared)1956: constitutional text changed (+42 pts declared)1958: constitutional text changed (−53 pts declared)1964: constitutional text changed (+41 pts declared)1971: constitutional text changed (+14 pts declared)2011: constitutional text changed (−14 pts declared)2012: constitutional text changed (+29 pts declared)1925195019752000

Mean across the 23 rights measured on both sides, 1923–2023. Vertical marks show years when the constitutional text changed enough to move the declared score.

Promised, but not delivered

  • Freedom from torture −75%
  • Freedom from arbitrary detention (habeas corpus) −40%
  • Due process of law −71%
  • Freedom of expression −77%

Declared internationally

A constitution is only one place a country makes promises. These are the nine core UN human rights treaties.

Civil & Political Rights (ICCPR)ratified 1982
Economic, Social & Cultural Rights (ICESCR)ratified 1982
Racial Discrimination (ICERD)ratified 1967
Discrimination against Women (CEDAW)ratified 1981
Convention against Torture (CAT)ratified 1986
Rights of the Child (CRC)ratified 1990
Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD)ratified 2008
Enforced Disappearance (CPED)no action
Migrant Workers (ICMW)ratified 1993

Compare with

AfghanistanAlbaniaAlgeriaAngolaArgentinaArmeniaAustraliaAzerbaijanBahrainBangladeshBarbadosBelarusBelgiumBeninBhutanBoliviaBosnia and HerzegovinaBotswanaBrazilBulgariaBurkina FasoBurma/MyanmarBurundiCambodiaCameroonCanadaCape VerdeCentral African RepublicChadChileChinaColombiaComorosCosta RicaCroatiaCubaCyprusDemocratic Republic of the CongoDenmarkDjiboutiDominican RepublicEcuadorEl SalvadorEquatorial GuineaEritreaEstoniaEswatiniEthiopiaFijiFinlandFranceGabonGeorgiaGhanaGreeceGuatemalaGuineaGuinea-BissauGuyanaHaiti

Data generated 2026-08-08.